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  /*

  	-- -- -- -- -- -- --
  	Browser Fixes
  	-- -- -- -- -- -- --
  	
  	This file uses CSS filtering methods to fix various
  	layout bugs.

  	Each of the following three imported files is a 
  	separate, browser-specific CSS file that keeps all 
  	hacks out of the main style sheet.
  	
  	Over time, as supporting these browsers no longer
  	remains a priority, cleaning up the hacks is as
  	easy as deleting the @import statement below, or
  	simply no longer linking this file from the HTML.
  	
  */

  /* 
    fix ie6 "peekaboo bug" using the "holly hack". 
    Note, this style only gets applied to ie6
  */
  * html .wrapper {
    height: 0.1%;
  }

  /* 
   * IE5 mac - overrides the IE/Win hack 
   */

  /*\*//*/

  * html #threecolumn div {
  	height: auto;
  }

  /**/


  /* 
   * IE5/Win-specific CSS -ensures #container wraps all content on window resize
   */

  @media tty {
   i{content:"\";/*" "*/}} * html #container { height: 1%; } /*";}
  }/* */
  /* Styling for editable elements. Eventually, this will be part of the style. */
  .editable {
    border: 1px dashed blue;
  }
  
  #footer {
    clear: both;
  }
  
  /* Extra divs hidden by default. The custom CSS can override this though */
  #extraDiv1, #extraDiv2, #extraDiv3, #extraDiv4, #extraDiv5, #extraDiv6 {
    display: none;
  }
  
  a img,:link img,:visited img {border: none;}


  body {
    text-align: center;
  }
  #container {
    width: 718px;
    text-align: left;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
  /** BEGIN CUSTOM SKIN **/
  /* general layout */

  body {
    font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size: 83%;
    margin: 0em;
    padding: 0em;
    border-top: 1em solid #e2e6ec;
    background: #e2e6ec url(/-/includes/style/madison/madison-one/container-fill.gif) center repeat-y;
  }
  body div#container {
    padding: 0em;
    margin-top: 0em;
    border-top: 1px solid #e2e6ec; /* a hack: without it Firefox adds top margin in layouts with sidebar */
    background: url(/-/includes/style/madison/madison-one/container-top.gif) top no-repeat;
  }
  div#container div.wrapper {
    padding: 0em;
    margin: 0em;
  }
  div#header {
    padding: 0em 35px;
    padding-top: 2em;
    padding-bottom: 2em;
    _padding-bottom: 1em; /* hack for IE6 */
    margin: 0em;
    margin-top: 2em;
    background: url(/-/includes/style/madison/madison-one/header-fill.gif) repeat-y;
  }
  div#header div.wrapper {
    padding: 0em;
    margin: 0em;
  }
  div#main-content {
    line-height: 160%;
    color: #3f3f3f;
    background: url(/-/includes/style/madison/madison-one/content-top.gif) top no-repeat;
  }
  div#sidebar,div#sidebar-alternate {
    font-size: 83%;
    line-height: 140%;
    color: #3f3f3f;
    background: url(/-/includes/style/madison/madison-one/content-top.gif) top no-repeat;
    padding: 0em;
    margin: 0em;
    padding-top: 1.5em;
  }
  div#footer {
    margin-top: 2em;
    background: url(/-/includes/style/madison/madison-one/content-top.gif) top no-repeat;
    padding: 1em 35px;
    color: #7f7f7f;
  }
  div#footer hr { /* I don't like this, but I have no idea why that <hr> is there */
    display: none;
  }

  /* adjusting widths for different layouts */

  body#onecolumn div#main-content {
    padding: 0em 35px;
    width: 648px;
  }
  body#twocolumn-right div#main-content {
    padding: 0em 25px;
    width: 420px;
    margin-left: 10px;
  }
  body#twocolumn-left div#main-content {
    padding: 0em 25px;
    width: 420px;
    margin-right: 8px;
    display: inline;
  }
  body#twocolumn-left div#sidebar {
    padding-left: 15px;
    width: 215px;
  }
  body#twocolumn-right div#sidebar {
    padding-right: 15px;
    width: 215px;
  }
  body#threecolumn div#main-content {
    padding: 0em 25px;
    width: 370px;
  }
  body#threecolumn div#sidebar {
    padding-left: 15px;
    width: 125px;
    margin-left: 10px;
    display: inline;
  }
  body#threecolumn div#sidebar-alternate {
    padding-right: 15px;
    width: 125px;
  }

  /* general styles: headings */

  h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p.description {
    font-family: Lucida Grande, Lucida Sans Unicode, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; 
  }
  h1 {
    font-size: 160%;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: black;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #b3e6e6;
    padding-bottom: 0.2em;
    display: inline; /* so that the underline spans only text width, and not the entire page */
    line-height: 400%; /* for padding below, the above line took away other possibilities */
  }
  h2 {
    font-size: 120%;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: black;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #b3e6e6;
    padding-bottom: 0.2em;
    display: inline; /* so that the underline spans only text width, and not the entire page */
    line-height: 400%; /* for padding below, the above line took away other possibilities */
  }
  h3 {
    font-size: 110%;
    font-weight: bold;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #b3e6e6;
    padding-bottom: 0.2em;
    color: black;
    display: inline; /* so that the underline spans only text width, and not the entire page */
    line-height: 300%; /* for padding below, the above line took away other possibilities */
  }
  h4 {
    font-size: 100%;
    font-weight: bold;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #b3e6e6;
    padding-bottom: 0.2em;
    color: black;
    display: inline; /* so that the underline spans only text width, and not the entire page */
    line-height: 200%; /* for padding below, the above line took away other possibilities */
  }
  h5 {
    font-size: 100%;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: black;
    display: inline;
  }
  h6 {
    font-size: 100%;
    font-weight: normal;
    color: black;
    display: inline;
  }
  hr {
    background: white;
    height: 1px;
    border: 0em;
    border-top: 1px solid #b3e6e6;
    margin: 1em 0em;
  }

  /* general styles: links */

  a {
    color: #125ebc;
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #125ebc; /* this underline is further away from the text = more legibility */
  }
  a:visited {
    color: #638bbc;
    text-decoration: none;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #638bbc; /* this underline is further away from the text = more legibility */
  }

  /* general styles: lists */

  ul, ol {
    margin-left: 1.8em;
    padding: 0em;
  }
  dt {
    margin-left: 1.8em;
  }
  blockquote {
    margin-left: 1.8em;
  }

  /* general styles: tables */

  table {
    border-collapse: collapse;
    margin-top: 1em;
    margin-bottom: 1em;
    margin-left: -0.6em;
    margin-right: -0.6em;
  }

  table td,table th {
    padding: 0.3em 0.6em;
    vertical-align: top;
    text-align: left;
  }
  table th {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #b3e6e6;
  }
  table caption {
    text-align: left;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #4FBBBB;
    padding: 0em;
    _padding: 0em 0.6em; /* hack for IE6: it understands padding differently here */
  }

  /* specific styles */

  h1#page-title {
    font-size: 220%;
    font-weight: normal;
    color: #125ebc;
    letter-spacing: -1px;
    display: block;
    border: 0em;
    padding: 0em;
    margin: 0em;
    line-height: 100%;
  }
  div#g_description {
    font-size: 140%;
    font-weight: normal;
    color: #125ebc; 
  }

  /* correcting horizontal margins for different layouts */

  body#twocolumn-left div#header, body#threecolumn div#header {
    padding-left: 25px;
  }

  /** END CUSTOM SKIN **/
  </style>

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          <h1 id="page-title"><div id='g_title'>Publications and Presentations</div></h1>
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<p></p><p>
</p><p></p><h3>Job Market Paper</h3> <p></p>
<p></p><p>
<b>The Impact of Medical Spending Growth on Guaranteed Renewable Health Insurance</b>
<p></p>
<i>Abstract</i><p></p>
In this paper I show how the large, stochastic growth in medical spending limits guaranteed renewable health insurance. The growth in medical spending increases the size of the upfront premiums that consumers must pay, and variance in spending growth exposes the insurance company to large potential losses. Returns on reserves could limit the costliness of guaranteed renewability, but risk free assets may not return enough, while risky assets may expose the company to shortfalls. Compounding the problem, available securities are probably not a good hedge for spending risk. Insurance firms can enhance the value of premium protection by carefully selecting the scope of guaranteed renewability they choose to offer. Consumers and regulators should carefully scrutinize any contract promising long term health care benefits.<p></p>
<a href="mailto:liebertr@wharton.upenn.edu"> Contact me</a> for the latest version.
</p><p></p><h3>Peer Reviewed Papers</h3> <p></p>
<a href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00821.x">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i> Hospital Quality: A </i><span style="font-weight: normal;">PRIDIT <i>Approach</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></a>. Lieberthal, RD (2008) Health Services Research 43 (3), 988–1005.</span><br>  (See <a href="hospitalquality.html">this link</a> for  additional data on hospital quality)<br><p></p>

<a href="http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/hlthaff.27.3.w242">How Risky Is Individual Health Insurance?</a> Pauly, MV and Lieberthal, RD (2008) Health Affairs 27 (3), w242-w249.<br><p></p>

<i style="font-weight: normal;">The Cost and Outcome Benefits of Treating Diabetes Type 2 as a Chronic Condition</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.  Lieberthal, RD. Society of Actuaries </span><font style="font-weight: normal;" size="2"><a href="http://www.soa.org/news-and-publications/publications/other-publications/monographs/pub-financing-chronic-care-monograph.aspx">Monograph M-HB05-1</a>, </font><span style="font-weight: normal;">June 2005.</span><br>

<p></p><h3>Conferences</h3> <p></p>

<p></p><h4>Presentations</h4> <p></p>
<a href="http://www.soa.org/files/pdf/089_bk-health05.pdf">The Cost and Benefits of Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Chronic Condition </a>. Lieberthal, RD. Society of Actuaries Spring Meeting, New Orleans, LA, June 16, 2005.
<br>
(My remarks are available online from the <a href="http://www.soa.org/library/proceedings/record-of-the-society-of-actuaries/2000-09/2005/june/rsa05v31n289sem.pdf">Society of Actuaries</a>.)

<p></p><h4>Posters</h4> <p></p>

<a href="http://www.amstat.org/meetings/ichps/2008/index.cfm?fuseaction=AbstractDetails&AbstractID=300192">
Grouping Hospitals by Quality - A <i>PRIDIT</i> Approach with Bootstrapping</a>.
Lieberthal, RD. The 7th International Conference on Health Policy Statistics, Philadelphia, PA, January 17, 2008. 

<p></p><h3>Reports</h3> <p></p>
<a href="http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/2007/howrisky.htm">
How Risky is Individual Health Insurance?</a>. Pauly, MV and Lieberthal, RD.  Report for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. May 14, 2007.


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